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Science, Technology and Innovation Diplomacy in Developing Countries
Under Science Diplomacy, three types of activities were noted in 2010 by the Royal
Society and American Association for the Advancement of Science: (i) informing
science and supporting foreign policy objectives (Science in Diplomacy), (ii) diplo-
macy facilitating international cooperation (Diplomacy for Science), and (iii) scien-
tific cooperation improving international relations (Science for Diplomacy). Though
science diplomacy has been widely talked about since the 2010 Conference and Publi-
cation, countries have been using science for diplomacy much earlier. For example,
during the “cold war” to keep open the channels of communication between countries
with differing political systems. Also, many of the activities of non-governmental
organizations such as the International Council of Scientific Union (now International
Science Council) were promoting partnerships between international and national
science unions, or regional scientific institutions like CERN opening their research
facilities to non-European scientists could be considered in this category.
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